One of the most cutting-edge areas of study is the delivery of drugs to cancer cells during chemotherapy. Current cancer therapy medications are ineffective because they can't differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells; as a result, they destroy both types of cells. To get around this problem and take advantage of the fact that cancer cells differ from normal cells in terms of their physical and chemical properties, drug-delivering nanoparticles (NPs) are engineered in a particular way

The potential of the medicinal plants in the Kashmir Valley as sources of bioactive chemicals is highlighted by this study, which examines their biodiversity. The research focuses on the systematic identification and characterisation of these chemicals using bioactivity-guided fractionation methods. A variety of biological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial qualities, are assessed in this study, which starts with plant selection and extraction and continues with fractionation an

Owing to the potential therapeutic benefits of these bioactive chemicals, optimizing tissue culture to increase the synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants has become imperative. With pharmacological advantages including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics, secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolics are important for both human health and plant defense. Nonetheless, growing circumstances and environmental variables ofte

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness marked by intracellular protein clumps called Lewy bodies and the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation pathways linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) progression, according to recent studies. By targeting genes involved in antioxidant defense systems, mitochondrial activity, and alpha-synuclein aggregation, miRNAs influence oxida

The purpose of this study is to better understand how customer attitudes and perceptions affect how mobile marketing influences retail purchase decisions. The study investigates the effects of perceived informativeness, entertainment value, trustworthiness of marketing messages, availability of incentives, and discomfort produced by mobile marketing on consumer behavior. It does this by using a descriptive research approach and a diagnostic research design. Data collection comprised structured q

This study examines how leadership styles affect employee engagement at WAPDA, a bureaucratic government entity in a growing South Asian economy. The research uses a theoretical framework to identify autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles as independent factors and employee motivation as the dependent variable. The study examines these links using a multiple regression model and literature-based hypotheses: H1, H2, and H3 suggest that authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-f

This study examines the complex relationship between socioeconomic characteristics and support for political parties, with a particular focus on rural Haryana's Indian National Congress (INC). The varied socioeconomic environment seen in Haryana's rural areas is influenced by cultural dynamics, educational possibilities, economic inequities, and agricultural methods. In these areas, the INC has historically maintained a strong political presence due to a variety of factors, including wealth, edu

Drama is one of the most dynamic literary genres because it can interact directly with an audience in real time and provide viewers with a cathartic experience. It has its own universe, where the behaviors, feelings, and attitudes of the characters reflect human sensitivities and experiences. It is writing that comes to life, bringing readers to tears, laughing, and voices. In all of world literature, it is the most potent genre. Greece, Rome, England, and India all have longstanding dramatic tr

This study looks at how globalization has affected higher education, specifically how changes in policy have affected both public and private colleges. It looks at how higher education systems have undergone substantial changes as a result of the growing interconnectivity of economies and cultures, forcing universities to implement new tactics in order to stay competitive. While private colleges are growing their market share and forming worldwide alliances, public universities are diversifying

Polymeric nanocomposites, combining organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles, are emerging as high-performance materials with vast applications across various fields including biomedical, environmental, and energy sectors. These hybrid materials offer superior mechanical, electroactive, and thermal properties due to the synergistic interaction between the polymer matrix and the nanoparticles. Despite their potential, challenges such as nanoparticle dispersion within the polymer matrix need t

The Kashmir Valley is a highly desirable site for phytochemical research focused at isolating and characterizing new chemicals from native herbs due to its rich botanical heritage and diverse flora. The present research endeavors are centered around the identification of bioactive components from herbs found in the Kashmir Valley by use of sophisticated procedures for extraction, isolation, and characterization. The abstract highlights the potential pharmacological properties of these chemicals,

MSMEs, or micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, are vital to the Indian economy since they greatly increase GDP, employment, and innovation. Backward class workers make up a sizable portion of the workforce in this industry and face particular possibilities and difficulties. It is critical to comprehend the abilities and performance of this vital workforce in order to promote inclusive growth and realise its full potential. The assessment of backward class workers' performance and capabili

A significant trend in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in developing nations, is the rising use of generic versions of brand-name drugs. This study paper "Consumer Perception and Market Performance of Generic Medicines in Nagpur" seeks to investigate the several elements that affect consumer attitudes towards generic medications and how such attitudes affect the market performance in Nagpur city. The research uses a mixed-methods approach, collecting data from a wide range of people incl

Iron deficiency, a prevalent issue in global health, impacts a large number of individuals and can result in symptoms such as weariness, difficulty breathing, and other incapacitating effects. Although blood tests are considered the most reliable method for diagnosis, they can be inconvenient and intrusive. This dissertation explores the promising possibilities of machine learning in providing a non-invasive method for detecting iron insufficiency. Anemia caused by insufficient iron levels is a

Throughout human history, psychoactive substances have held a significant place, with early records depicting their usage. Over time, it has become evident that certain individuals have engaged in excessive drug consumption, leading to associated problems. In recent decades, research endeavors and treatment interventions have notably escalated. Despite this, the precise etiology of substance abuse disorders remains elusive. Current evidence suggests a multifaceted interplay between biological pr

This article examines the critical role of expressed breast milk (EBM) in supporting the health and development of preterm infants, who often face significant nutritional and immunological challenges due to their early arrival. EBM provides a vital source of nutrition tailored to the needs of preterm infants, offering essential nutrients and immune factors that protect against infections and promote growth. The article discusses the difficulties associated with direct breastfeeding for preterm i

This article explores the critical role that partners and extended family members play in supporting mothers experiencing postnatal depression (PND). It highlights how close observation by partners can lead to early detection and intervention, discusses the importance of facilitating self-care activities, and emphasizes the value of practical support such as childcare and household assistance. Additionally, it underscores the necessity of creating a non-judgmental and supportive environment, res

E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates. The online market is expected to grow by 56% in 2015–2020.E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them to purchase products anytime and from anywhere. Retailing in India is one of the pillars of its economy and accounts for about 10 percent of its GDP. The Indian retail market is estimated to be worth $1.3 trillion as of 2022 and estimated to reach $2 Tn by 2032. India is one of the fastest growing retail market

जेंडर समानता न केवल एक मौलिक मानव अधिकार है, बल्कि एक शांतिपूर्ण, समृद्ध और सतत विश्व के लिए एक आवश्यक आधार भी है। जेंडर का तात्पर्य महिलाओं और पुरुषों की सामाजिक रूप से निर्मित विशेषताओं से हैं, जैसे मानदंड, भूमिकाएं और महिलाओं व पुरुषों के समूह के बीच संबंध। यह समाज से समाज में भिन्न होता है और बदला जा सकता है। जेंडर एक सामाजिक निर्मित है जो बच्चा, समाजीकरण की प्रक्रिया द्वारा समाज के नियम एवं मानदंडों को सीखना और व्यवहार में लाता है। जेंडर में पुरुषों और महिलाओं दोनों को समान सदस्यों के रूप म

यह लेख भारत में मानवाधिकारों के साथ न्यायिक सक्रियता के सम्बन्धों को जानने का प्रयास है। कानून और न्याय मानव विकास की शुरुआत के बाद से ही अस्तित्व में रहे, कानून और न्याय के बिना एक प्रबुद्ध रूप में समाज का निर्माण करना कठिन था, जाहिर तौर पर समाज और समय दोनों गतिशील रहते हैं और इसलिए कानून और न्याय प्रारंभिक काल में बने रहते हैं, लेकिन वे मुख्य रूप से नैतिकता पर आधारित थे, भारतीय संरचनाओं में धर्म की गहरी अंतर्निहित पृष्ठभूमि है, जो हमें इसकी विशाल राजनीतिक और कानूनी सोच के बारे में बताती है, का

Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine that is indigenous to and widely practiced in India. The word Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term meaning “science of life”. AYU means “life” or “daily living”. And VEDA is “knowing”. Ayurveda was first recorded in the VEDAS, the world’s oldest extant Rerature. This healing system has been practiced in daily life in India for more than 5,000 years. Ayurveda is the science of life which balance us in being healthy. Medicinal plants have always been considered a healthy source of life for all people. Ayurveda already has a list of plants whose efficiency in the treatment and control of common illnesses has been proven beyond doubt over several centuries. India has come up with a tested package of plants and medical herbs that are useful in the treatment of common illnesses like fevers. Headaches, dysentery, jaundice and stomach problems and which can be easily grown in household gardens and directly consumed by people who may require them. The package of

Organ donation is a lifesaving process that helps thousands of people worldwide. However, various misconceptions and myths surround the process, discouraging potential donors. Organ donation saves countless lives, but misconceptions and myths surround the process. These myths can discourage people from registering as donors, ultimately harming those awaiting transplantation. It's essential to address and quash these myths, providing accurate information to encourage informed decision-making.

With an emphasis on the Nagpur area and a case study of Maruti Suzuki vehicles, this research explores the complex interplay between advertising, price sensitivity, and customer behaviour in the automotive sector. Understanding the factors that influence customer decisions is crucial for those involved in the automobile business, which is seeing rapid changes in consumer tastes and market dynamics. This research seeks to shed light on the intersection of advertising techniques and price sensitivity in influencing customer purchase habits in the Nagpur automobile market. It employs a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and data analysis. This research aims to offer valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and industry players by studying how consumers perceive, react to, and behave towards Maruti Suzuki cars in response to advertising stimuli and price fluctuations. The goal is to help them navigate the competitive landscape and improve their market positioning.

This study critically examines the representation and diversity in Indian fashion advertising, exploring how cultural, social, and economic factors influence the portrayal of diverse groups in fashion advertisements. Despite India's diverse population, fashion advertising has historically been criticized for perpetuating narrow beauty standards, marginalizing certain communities, and reinforcing social hierarchies. This research investigates the extent to which Indian fashion advertising reflects and challenges traditional cultural and social norms, focusing on representation across factors such as skin tone, body type, age, ability, caste, and ethnicity. A content analysis of 300 fashion advertisements from leading Indian fashion brands and magazines reveals a persistent lack of diversity, with underrepresentation of darker-skinned individuals, older adults, and individuals with disabilities. Furthermore, the study finds that advertisements often reinforce harmful beauty standards, p

The transformative journey of Celie, the protagonist of The Color Purple, and her emancipation from a victim of abuse to a self-assertive, empowered woman. Through an analysis framed by feminist and intersectionality theories, it argues that Celie’s path to self-discovery and independence is achieved through key elements: supportive relationships with other women, a rejection of patriarchal norms, and the exploration of her own desires. By emphasizing the intersection of race, gender, and class, the study contributes to ongoing discussions of social justice, highlighting how Celie’s story challenges dominant cultural narratives. The novel celebrates the resilience and power of African American women, illustrating how solidarity and self-exploration play crucial roles in achieving empowerment for marginalized individuals. Ultimately, the study asserts that The Color Purple is a powerful portrayal of the transformative potential of self-discovery and the importance of women’s networks in

Cervical cancer is a major global health issue, primarily caused by persistent infections with high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Despite its high preventability through HPV vaccination, regular screenings, and early intervention, misconceptions about the disease often hinder effective prevention. Myths such as cervical cancer only affecting older women, being limited to those with multiple sexual partners, or being untreatable if detected late, contribute to fear and neglect of preventive practices. In reality, cervical cancer can affect women of all ages, with HPV being a risk even for those with a single sexual partner. Regular Pap smears and HPV testing are critical for early detection, regardless of age or perceived health status. Additionally, the HPV vaccine, while effective against the most high-risk strains, does not eliminate the need for ongoing screenings. It is essential to recognize that cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers, with early inte

Substance Abuse is a perplexing issue having clinical and social implications which influences generally friendly layers. It influences the client and their families as well as all segments of the general public. Substance abuse might prompt enslavement or substance reliance. Restoratively, physiological reliance requires the improvement of resilience prompting withdrawal side effects. Both maltreatment and reliance are particular from enslavement, which includes an impulse to keep utilizing the substance, regardless of the unfortunate results, and might include compound reliance. Reliance quite often infers misuse, however misuse much of the time happens without reliance, especially when a singular initially starts to manhandle a substance. Reliance includes physiological cycles, while substance misuse mirrors an intricate collaboration between the individual, the manhandled substance, and society. Substance abuse can be a difficult encounter — for the individual who has the issue, an

Cultural competence in healthcare is crucial for providing effective and equitable services to diverse patient populations, particularly in obstetrical care where cultural beliefs profoundly impact pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal care. This article explores the challenges and opportunities for midwives in delivering culturally competent care during obstetrical emergencies. Challenges include language barriers, cultural differences in beliefs and practices, lack of cultural awareness among midwives, and biases in healthcare delivery. However, opportunities for enhancing cultural competence exist through training, implementing culturally sensitive care practices, community partnerships, and utilizing interpreters and cultural brokers. Understanding cultural competence in obstetrical care involves recognizing, respecting, and responding to cultural backgrounds and beliefs. Midwives must navigate cultural dynamics effectively, integrating cultural humility and awareness into their pra

Diabetes mellitus is a significant public health concern in India, with its prevalence growing due to urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary shifts. Effective self-care and home management are essential for glycemic control, reducing complications, and enhancing quality of life among individuals with diabetes. This article explores the current state of self-care practices among diabetic individuals in India, highlights challenges, and provides recommendations for improvement.

Traditional play forms a cornerstone of holistic childhood development, fostering physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth. However, these time-honored activities face decline in the digital age. This article explores the multifaceted benefits of traditional play for children, emphasizing its role in preserving cultural heritage, promoting teamwork, and enhancing resilience. Evidence from various studies underscores the critical need to reintroduce traditional play into children's lives and education systems.

Cancer profoundly impacts patients both physically and emotionally, creating a need for supportive therapies that complement traditional treatments. Foot reflexology has emerged as a promising complementary therapy that addresses various cancer-related symptoms, including pain, stress, and fatigue. By stimulating specific reflex points on the feet, reflexology can alleviate discomfort from cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation, improve circulation, reduce anxiety, and enhance sleep quality. This non-invasive therapy not only provides physical relief but also supports emotional well-being, helping cancer patients regain a sense of control and resilience. The integration of reflexology into oncology care has been shown to improve the overall quality of life, offering a holistic approach to cancer management. This abstract highlights the potential benefits of reflexology as an adjunctive therapy, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between oncologists and reflexologist

The goal of this article is to determine the variables influencing the adoption of PPPs (public-private partnerships) in the field of education. Design, technique, and strategy this systematic literature analysis looked at 21 articles on PPPs in the education sector using Scopus and the Staples and Niazi (2007) approach. To find research gaps and offer details on important concerns in the cases, content analysis is used. Findings: The research has determined the key success determinants for PPPs in the education sector across 12 nations, exposing implementation issues and differing levels of success. They demonstrate how crucial it is to have well-defined goals, good communication, and strong collaborations between the public and private sectors in order to succeed. Future initiatives can be guided by the comprehensive understanding of PPP implementation in education that these insights help to provide. Originality/value: The crucial success criteria found in the application of PPPs in

This article examines the essential function of recognition and praise in inspiring employees and enhancing emotional involvement inside organizations. It analyses how these activities foster a pleasant workplace culture and improve productivity by satisfying inner and extrinsic motivating requirements. Recognition, defined as the acknowledgement of employees ' accomplishments, and praise, an expression of commendation for their efforts, both function as potent instruments to elevate morale, promote constructive behavior, and augment job satisfaction. The article examines how successful recognition tactics may enhance motivation by honoring employees' accomplishments and satisfying their needs for esteem and belonging, as described in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Moreover, Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory emphasizes the significance of recognition as a motivator, apart from hygienic considerations, which mitigate discontent but do not inherently inspire motivation. Moreover, emotional invo

Childbirth is an important cultural and social event shaped by society values, beliefs, and traditions, which greatly impact women's desires for natural delivery. Cultural practices, firmly entrenched in traditions and spirituality, influence perceptions of labor pain, decision-making, and the whole delivery experience. These techniques often highlight natural processes, resilience, and social support, encouraging women to choose vaginal birth. Familial support, conventional pain alleviation methods, rituals, and spiritual convictions are crucial in enhancing trust in natural delivery. Integrating cultural preferences into contemporary maternity care presents obstacles, especially when traditional practices contradict medical requirements. Culturally responsive care—defined by comprehension, education, and respectful incorporation of safe traditional practices—can address these disparities, enabling women to make informed decisions consistent with their beliefs. This method improves mo

विवाह एक ऐसी सामाजिक प्रथा है जिसका अस्तित्व विश्व के प्रत्येक देशों, जातियों, धर्मों में पाया जाता है। विभिन्न देशों और कालों में विवाह की इस प्रथा के स्वरूपों में भिन्नता रही है। इस भिन्नता का मूल कारण उस देश के वातावरण, सामाजिक और आर्थिक कारण हो सकते हैं। हमारे समाज में पुरुष की प्रधानता है। शतपथ ब्राहमण में लिखा है- पत्नी निश्चित ही पति का अर्धाशं है, पत्नी के अभाव में वह पूर्ण नहीं होता है, सन्तानोत्पत्ति करने से पुरुष के पुरुषत्व का मूल्यांकन किया जा सकता है। विवाह समझौता नहीं है बल्कि यह जन्म जन्मान्तर का साथ होता है। अतः हिन्दू विवाह का आधार धर्म है। विवाह प्राथमिक रूप से कर्तव्य उत्तरदायित्व की पूर्ति के लिये होता है। हिन्दु विवाह जीवन के विभिन्न पक्षों जैसे धर्म, नैतिकता एवं आचरण की प्रमाणिकता एवं सार्थकता मिलती है, विवाह जीवन की आधारशिला है। हिन्दू विवाह के सम्बन्ध में विभिन्न विद्वानों ने अलग अलग परिभाषायें दी है- आर. एन. शर्मा के अनुसार हिन्दू विवाह एक धार्मिक संस्कार है। जिससे धर्म, सन्तानोत्पत्ति तथा रति के भौतिक, सामाजिक व आध्यात्मिक उद्देश्यों से एक स्त्री और पुरुष

The solubility of Carvedilol, a poorly water-soluble drug widely used in cardiovascular disorders, presents a significant challenge in achieving optimal therapeutic efficacy. This research aimed to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of Carvedilol through the application of the liquisolid compact technique. Different Liquisolid compacts were prepared using required quantities of powder and liquid ingredients to produce acceptably flowable and compressible admixture. Avicel PH 102, PEG, Crosspovidone and Sodium starch glycolate were employed as carrier, coating material and disintegrant respectively for preparing Liquisolid compacts. The prepared Liquisolid compacts were evaluated for their flow properties such as bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr’s compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The interaction between drug and excipients in prepared Liquisolid compacts were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Xray diffraction (XRD). The drug release rates of Liquisolid compacts were distinctly higher as compared to directly compressed tablets, which show significant benefit of Liquisolid compact in increasing wetting properties and surface area of drug available for dissolution. The F3 of Liquisolid powder system showed acceptable flowability, Carr’s compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The FTIR, DSC and XRD studies conforms the no significant interaction between the drug and excipients used in Liquisolid compacts. Hence it concludes that the Liquisolid technique is a promising alternative for improvement of dissolution of Carvedilol.

खेतड़ी जो राजस्थान के झुंझुनू जिले (वर्तमान में नवीन जिला नीमकाथाना) में स्थित है, अपनी सांस्कृतिक और ऐतिहासिक विरासत के लिए समृद्ध है । यह क्षेत्र न केवल अपने ऐतिहासिक किलों व महलों के लिए जाना जाता है, बल्कि यहां की समृद्ध संस्कृति व परंपरा भी इसे विशेष बनाती है । खेतड़ी ठिकाने की स्थापना 18वीं शताब्दी में शार्दुल सिंह के पोते भोपाल सिंह ने की । खेतड़ी का ऐतिहासिक महत्व यहां के किलो, महलों, छतरियों, तालाब, बावड़ीयों में निहित है । खेतड़ी का भोपालगढ़ एवं बागोर का किला प्रसिद्ध है । खेतड़ी के किले में स्थित महल अपनी सुंदर वह अद्भुत वास्तु कला के उदाहरण हैं । यह अपनी सुंदर चित्रकारी और जटिल डिजाइन के लिए प्रसिद्ध है । इसके अलावा खेतड़ी में कई प्राचीन मंदिर भी हैं । ये मंदिर वैष्णव , शैव और शाक्त संप्रदाय के हैं, जो स्थानीय लोगों की आस्था के केंद्र हैं । सांस्कृतिक दृष्टिकोण से खेतड़ी में त्यौहारों, मेलों का आयोजन होता है, जो यहां की जीवंतता को दर्शाता है । मकर संक्रांति, गणेश चतुर्थी, रामनवमी, होली व दीपावली जैसे त्योहारों पर विशेष उत्सव होते हैं, जिसमें स्थानीय लोग बड़े उत्साह से भाग लेते हैं । यहां के लोक संगीत एवं नृत्य भी इस क्षेत्र की सांस्कृतिक धरोहर का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है । खेतड़ी की विरासत में कारीगिरी का भी महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है । यहां के कारीगरों ने अपने हाथों से महल, मंदिर, बावड़िया छतरियों का निर्माण ही नहीं किया बल्कि छोटे मिट्टी व धातु के बर्तन बनाने में भी अपना कौशल दिखाया है ।

Family Planning plays a crucial role in safeguarding the health of women in developing countries where they are often forced to carry an unplanned & unwanted pregnancy. Family planning, despite its many limitations, has universally been accepted as the most direct intervention to reduce fertility & hence population growth. Contraceptives provide women with a safe and effective means to avoid unwanted pregnancies or pregnancies that may place their health at risk. These pregnancies can have serious consequences, including illness, disability, and death. The objective of the research is to assess the knowledge regarding selected methods of contraception among eligible women. An evaluative research approach was used in this study. 60 eligible women in selected rural areas of the city were selected for the study. Self-structured knowledge questionnaires were used to collect the data. Findings show that, in the post-test, the majority of eligible women, 43(71.67%), had a very good level of knowledge score, 4(6.66%) had a good level of knowledge, and 13(21.67%) had an excellent level of knowledge. Analysis reveals that there is an association of knowledge score with the type of family and educational status among eligible women regarding selected methods of contraception.

The aim was to assess the effect of anti-Alzheimer’s activity of the alcoholic extract of Tricholepis glaberrima DC Leaves in Alzheimer induce Wistar albino rats.In the present study, the efficacy of an Extract of Tricholepis glaberrima DC was evaluated against scopolamine-induced Alzheimer in the Wistar albino rat. Donepezil at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, ECPDD was given in rat at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, 150 mg/kg body weight, and 200 mg/kg body weight. Anti-Alzheimer activity was assessed by victimization novel object recognition test, elevated plus maze, and Y-maze. And by biochemical test like neurotransmitter esterase activity, catalase activity, malonyldialdehyd and glutathione assays. Results showed that extracts treatment prevents Alzheimer and increases the level of acetylcholine, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and phytochemical studies identified the presence of flavonoid and alkaloid in the ECPDD. According to the results, it was concluded that the leave of Tricholepis glaberrima DC has significant anti-Alzheimer activity due to the presence of potent antioxidants such as flavonoid and anticholinesterase enzyme present in alkaloids.

Bismuth oxyhalides (BiOX) have emerged as a new class of photocatalysts with great potential for various applications, including water splitting, pollutant degradation, and carbon dioxide reduction. This article reviews the synthesis methods, structural and optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of bismuth oxyhalides.

The dawn of India’s independence on August 15, 1947, marked the conclusion of British colonial rule, but it also heralded an era rife with contradictions, challenges, and transformations that would shape the nation’s identity for decades to come. While the end of colonial domination brought hope and the promise of self-determination, it also left a legacy of unresolved tensions and conflicts. Among these, the major challenge was the cultural assimilation and unification of a nation that was extraordinarily diverse in terms of language, religion, ethnicity, and socio-economic realities. The newly independent state faced the herculean task of reconciling these differences with the ideals of unity espoused during the nationalist movement. This idealism, however, was often undercut by the reality of Partition, which had created physical and emotional fissures within communities, leaving millions displaced and bitterly divided.

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for a significant proportion of global maternal deaths. The high incidence and risk of complications associated with PPH have led to a strong emphasis on creating standardized protocols and benchmarks for its prevention, detection, and management. These protocols are vital for ensuring timely and effective responses, which can drastically reduce the risk of adverse outcomes such as hemorrhagic shock, organ failure, and death. This article explores the current landscape of PPH management protocols, with a focus on established international benchmarks set by prominent organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO), and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). These benchmarks provide essential guidance to healthcare professionals in recognizing, diagnosing, and managing PPH promptly. It also examines common challenges faced in the implementation of these protocols, including variations in adherence across healthcare settings, resource limitations, and delays in receiving necessary interventions. Furthermore, the article highlights effective strategies aimed at improving PPH outcomes, such as training and simulation exercises for obstetric teams, the use of advanced technology for early detection, and improving healthcare infrastructure to ensure greater access to vital resources like uterotonic drugs, skilled personnel, and blood banks.

This Paper examines the evolution, implementation, and impact of maintenance laws for women in India, focusing on the legal frameworks that govern maintenance rights and the emerging societal challenges that influence their effectiveness. It explores landmark cases, statutory provisions, and the socio-economic factors that affect women’s access to maintenance. The study also delves into how changing gender roles, economic dependency, and judicial trends have shaped the legal landscape of maintenance. Finally, the thesis evaluates the gaps in existing laws and proposes reforms to strengthen the protection of women’s financial rights in marital relationships and post-divorce contexts.

This paper explores the role of youth as catalysts for sustainable tourism in Haryana, India, through a multi-stakeholder framework. By analyzing the interplay between ecological preservation, cultural heritage, and economic growth, the study highlights strategies to empower young people as active contributors to tourism sustainability. It emphasizes collaborative governance models involving government agencies, NGOs, local communities, and educational institutions. Mixed-method research, including surveys, interviews, and case studies, reveals opportunities and challenges in youth-led tourism initiatives. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to institutionalize youth participation in Haryana’s tourism ecosystem.

19वीं शताब्दी में, राजपूत और मुगल सम्राटों के बीच लड़ाई के कारण राजस्थान के व्यापारियों को भारत के अन्य क्षेत्रों में स्थानांतरित करने के लिए मजबूर होना पड़ा, जिसका उनके व्यवसाय पर महत्वपूर्ण नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ा। इस संबंध में, उन्होंने ज्यादातर वाणिज्य के लिए बिहार के पूर्वोत्तर (एन-ई) क्षेत्रों की भी यात्रा की। वे अपने परिवारों, उनके पड़ोसियों और अन्य रिश्तेदारों को इस नए स्थान पर बसने के लिए ले गए, जब उन्होंने अपने व्यवसाय में खुद को स्थापित कर लिया था। उनका प्राथमिक लक्ष्य इन प्रसिद्ध व्यक्तियों को लाकर व्यापार में आगे बढ़ना था, जिन पर वे पूरी तरह से भरोसा कर सकते थे। वे धीरे-धीरे समुदाय के साथ घुलमिल गए और सामाजिक आयोजनों, व्यापार और अंततः स्थानीय राजनीति में प्रभावी योगदान देना शुरू कर दिया। इस अध्ययन का विषय पूर्णिया में व्यापारी समुदाय की भूमिका, भारत की स्वतंत्रता के बाद बिहार की राजनीतिक प्रक्रिया है। हमारे शोध के अनुसार, पूर्णिया व्यापारियों ने या तो स्वतंत्रता सेनानियों को वित्तीय या नैतिक सहायता प्रदान करके निष्क्रिय भूमिका निभाई थी या भारत की स्वतंत्रता पूर्व अवधि के दौरान पूरी तरह से अलग रहकर निष्क्रिय भूमिका निभाई थी। हालाँकि, स्वतंत्रता के बाद, वे धीरे-धीरे सक्रिय हो गए और वर्तमान में अपने प्राथमिक वाणिज्यिक हितों के अलावा स्थानीय, राज्य और राष्ट्रीय राजनीति में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहे हैं।

शास्त्रीय संगीत भारत की समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक विरासत का एक अनमोल रत्न है। यह संगीत की एक पारंपरिक शैली है जो सदियों से चली आ रही है और भारतीय संस्कृति के विभिन्न पहलुओं को प्रतिबिंबित करती है। शास्त्रीय संगीत की रचनात्मकता, जटिलता और भावनात्मक गहराई इसे दुनिया भर में सराहा जाता है। शास्त्रीय संगीत की दो मुख्य शैलियाँ हैं: हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत और कर्नाटक शास्त्रीय संगीत। हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत उत्तर भारत में विकसित हुआ, जबकि कर्नाटक शास्त्रीय संगीत दक्षिण भारत में विकसित हुआ। दोनों शैलियों में समानताएँ और अंतर हैं, लेकिन दोनों ही संगीत की उच्चतम अभिव्यक्ति का प्रतिनिधित्व करती हैं। शास्त्रीय संगीत की रचनात्मकता इसकी राग प्रणाली पर आधारित है। एक राग एक संगीत पैटर्न है जिसमें स्वरों का एक विशिष्ट समूह और उनके बीच संबंध शामिल हैं। राग एक संगीत की रचना के लिए एक ढांचा प्रदान करता है और संगीतकार को भावनाओं और विचारों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला व्यक्त करने की अनुमति देता है। शास्त्रीय संगीत की जटिलता इसकी ताल प्रणाली में भी देखी जा सकती है। ताल एक लयबद्ध पैटर्न है जो संगीत की गति और लय को निर्धारित करता है। शास्त्रीय संगीत में कई जटिल तालें हैं जो संगीतकार को संगीत की गति और लय में विविधता लाने की अनुमति देती हैं। शास्त्रीय संगीत की भावनात्मक गहराई इसकी रचनात्मकता और जटिलता के परिणामस्वरूप है। शास्त्रीय संगीत संगीतकार को भावनाओं और विचारों की एक विस्तृत श्रृंखला व्यक्त करने की अनुमति देता है। शास्त्रीय संगीत को सुनते समय, श्रोता संगीतकार की भावनाओं और विचारों को महसूस कर सकता है और संगीत के माध्यम से एक गहरे भावनात्मक अनुभव का अनुभव कर सकता है। शास्त्रीय संगीत भारत की समृद्ध सांस्कृतिक विरासत का एक अनमोल रत्न है। यह संगीत की एक पारंपरिक शैली है जो सदियों से चली आ रही है और भारतीय संस्कृति के विभिन्न पहलुओं को प्रतिबिंबित करती है। शास्त्रीय संगीत की रचनात्मकता, जटिलता और भावनात्मक गहराई इसे दुनिया भर में सराहा जाता है।

मुगल काल में बहुपत्नी प्रथा और जाति द्वारा शासकों एंव सामान्य वर्ग में स्वतः स्वीकृत मानी गयी थी। इसके अतिक्ति महिलाओं को अन्य क्षेत्रों में भी प्रतिबन्धित किया गया था। वे अपने व्यक्तिगत जीवन में स्वतन्त्र नहीं थीं। तत्कालीन ऐतिहासिक और साहित्यिक संदर्भों से ज्ञात होता है कि मुगल युगीन महिलाओं की दशा ठीक नहीं थी। यद्यपि शाही घरानों की महिला और सम्राटों की बेगमों को किसी प्रकार की असुविधा नहीं थी। इन महिलाओं के निवास स्थान को श्हरमश् कहा जाता था। अकबर के काल में श्हरमश् में 5000 स्त्रियों के निवास की व्यवस्था थी। रानियों के लिए वैभवपूर्ण निवास की झलक दिल्ली दुर्ग में स्थापित भव्य बगीचे तथा चकाचौंध करने वाली सुनहरी रंग कर दीवारों से मिलती है। इम्तियाज महल और रंगमहल मुगल महिलाओं के निवास स्थल की व्यवस्था को दर्शाने के लिए पर्याप्त हैं। परन्तु जनसामान्य वर्ग की महिलाओं की स्थिति अच्छी नहीं थी। वे मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं से भी वंचित रहती थी। दिन भर के अथक परिश्रम के बाद भी उन्हें भरपेट भोजन उपलब्ध नहीं था और तन पर वस्त्रों का अभाव था। वे इस अत्याचार को बिना किसी विरोध के सहन करने को विवश थी।

Coumarin derivatives have gained significant attention in optoelectronics due to their high fluorescence quantum yields, tunable emission spectra, and excellent photophysical properties. This study focuses on the rational design, synthesis, and photophysical characterization of novel fluorescent coumarin derivatives for application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic lasers, and photovoltaic devices. The synthetic strategy employed green chemistry principles, and structural modifications were explored to fine-tune the photophysical and electronic properties. The synthesized compounds were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence emission analysis, quantum yield measurements, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, and thermal stability assessments. The results establish strong structure-property relationships, highlighting the potential of these derivatives for next-generation optoelectronic applications.

The rapid advancements in digital technology have significantly influenced economic growth across the globe. In the Indian context, digital transformation has played a pivotal role in enhancing productivity, employment, and overall economic efficiency. This paper examines the economic implications of digital transformation in India, highlighting key trends, opportunities, and challenges. The study utilizes secondary data sources and employs an analytical approach to evaluate the impact of digitalization on various sectors. The findings suggest that digital transformation contributes positively to GDP growth, financial inclusion, and industrial efficiency, while also posing regulatory and infrastructural challenges. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to maximize the benefits of digitalization in India's economic framework.

Provide a concise summary of the purpose of the paper, highlighting the key innovations in algebraic geometry and their impact on mathematics and related disciplines. Mention the scope of the developments covered in the paper and a preview of their applications. This paper explores the key innovations in algebraic geometry that have reshaped the field and their far-reaching implications across mathematics, physics, and computation. It highlights significant advancements such as the rise of derived categories and homotopy theory, the influence of mirror symmetry, the growing importance of noncommutative algebraic geometry, and the integration of computational techniques in solving complex algebraic problems. These innovations have not only deepened our understanding of abstract mathematical structures but have also paved the way for new applications in interdisciplinary fields. In particular, the paper emphasizes their impact on areas such as string theory, quantum field theory, artificial intelligence, and optimization, illustrating the transformative potential of algebraic geometry in both theoretical and applied contexts.

Inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and asthma, are chronic conditions that impose a significant burden on global health. Current treatments often come with substantial side effects, which makes the search for safer and more effective alternatives essential. Heterocyclic compounds have garnered attention for their broad range of biological activities, particularly their potential to modulate inflammation. This paper explores the therapeutic potential of heterocyclic compounds, such as pyrazoles, quinolines, and indoles, in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. We employ both in vitro and in vivo models to assess the anti-inflammatory efficacy, elucidate their underlying molecular mechanisms, and evaluate their safety profiles. The findings suggest that heterocyclic compounds can significantly reduce inflammation, modulate immune responses, and exhibit promising therapeutic outcomes with minimal toxicity. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies based on heterocyclic scaffolds.

In the rapidly digitizing landscape of India, urban tribal youth face a complex interplay of language, identity, and access. This study explores how accent becomes a crucial marker of identity as tribal youth navigate the linguistic hierarchies embedded in English usage within urban and digital contexts. Focusing on Adivasi communities transitioning to cities and digital spaces, this research critically examines how English accents shape self-perception, societal integration, and discrimination. Using a multidisciplinary approach rooted in socio-linguistics and digital ethnography, the paper analyzes online interactions, classroom dynamics, and narratives from urban tribal students. Findings reveal that while English opens avenues of opportunity, accent often becomes a site of marginalization and resistance. This study highlights the urgent need to recognize and valorize accent diversity in pedagogical and digital frameworks in India.

This study explores the practice of gender discrimination in access to healthcare facilities within the Kolkata Metropolitan Area, focusing on the towns of Baruipur, Kamarhati, and Uttarpara-Kotrung. While health is traditionally analyzed from a biological perspective, this research adopts a sociological approach, emphasizing the influence of social, economic, cultural, and gender-based factors on health outcomes. Data collected through field surveys reveal a higher incidence of illness among women, particularly in areas with lower levels of development, despite the availability of healthcare services. Women often face barriers such as financial constraints, restricted mobility, and limited autonomy, leading to delayed or no treatment. In contrast, men have relatively easier access to healthcare services, irrespective of age or illness type. The study finds that healthcare expenditures are generally lower for women, not due to better health but due to systemic neglect and limited utilization of formal health services. The findings underscore the persistent influence of patriarchal norms and economic disparities in shaping healthcare access. The study concludes that achieving health equity requires targeted policy interventions, increased public awareness, and a collective societal effort to eliminate gender-based discrimination in healthcare.

शिक्षा किसी भी समाज का आधार स्तंभ होती है, और शिक्षकों की गुणवत्ता शिक्षा प्रणाली की सफलता के लिए महत्वपूर्ण है। बी.एड. पाठ्यक्रम भावी शिक्षकों को आवश्यक ज्ञान, कौशल और दृष्टिकोण प्रदान करने के लिए डिज़ाइन किया गया है। हालांकि, इस प्रशिक्षण अवधि के दौरान प्रशिक्षुओं को कई चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है, जिनमें शैक्षणिक दबाव, नई शिक्षण विधियों के अनुकूलन, सहपाठियों और शिक्षकों के साथ संबंध, और भविष्य की करियर संबंधी चिंताएं शामिल हैं। ये चुनौतियां प्रशिक्षुओं के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव डाल सकती हैं, जिससे उनके शैक्षणिक प्रदर्शन पर असर पड़ सकता है। मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, जिसमें भावनात्मक, मनोवैज्ञानिक और सामाजिक कल्याण शामिल हैं, एक व्यक्ति की सोचने, महसूस करने, कार्य करने और दूसरों के साथ जुड़ने की क्षमता को प्रभावित करता है। सकारात्मक मानसिक स्वास्थ्य प्रशिक्षुओं को प्रभावी ढंग से सीखने, समस्याओं को हल करने और तनाव का सामना करने में मदद कर सकता है। इसके विपरीत, खराब मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, जैसे कि तनाव, चिंता और अवसाद, एकाग्रता, प्रेरणा और सीखने की क्षमता को कम कर सकता है, जिससे शैक्षणिक प्रदर्शन प्रभावित हो सकता है। कई अध्ययनों ने छात्रों के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य और उनके शैक्षणिक प्रदर्शन के बीच महत्वपूर्ण संबंध दिखाया है। हालांकि, बी.एड. प्रशिक्षुओं के संदर्भ में इस संबंध की विशिष्ट गतिशीलता को समझना महत्वपूर्ण है क्योंकि वे न केवल छात्र हैं बल्कि भविष्य के शिक्षक भी हैं जिनकी अपनी छात्रों के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य और सीखने के परिणामों पर महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होगी।

The growing emphasis on sustainable chemistry and environmentally benign processes has led to increased interest in ionic liquids (ILs) as green solvents for organic transformations. Ionic liquids, composed entirely of ions and liquid at or near room temperature, possess unique physicochemical properties such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, non-flammability, and tunable solvation characteristics. These features make them promising alternatives to conventional volatile organic solvents, which often pose environmental and safety concerns. This paper presents a comprehensive review of ionic liquids as green solvents, discussing their structure, classification, synthesis, properties, and their role in facilitating various organic transformations. The advantages, limitations, recyclability, and future prospects of ionic liquids in achieving sustainable chemical processes are critically analyzed. Keywords: Ionic Liquids, Green Solvents, Organic Transformations, Sustainable Chemistry, Eco-friendly Synthesis

Education is universally recognized as one of the most powerful tools for social transformation. When women are educated, families prosper, communities flourish, and nations progress. This paper explores how education functions as a critical catalyst for empowering women by enhancing their socio-economic status, political participation, health awareness, and personal autonomy. Through a multidisciplinary perspective, the study examines the relationship between women’s education and sustainable development, highlighting key challenges, policy frameworks, and strategies for strengthening educational access and quality for women. The paper concludes that empowering women through education is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic investment for inclusive and sustainable development.

Women have made a lot of progress in getting leadership roles throughout the world, but the highest levels of decision-making in most fields are still mostly males. This lack of representation is not because women don't have the right skills or certifications; it's because of institutional, societal, and personal impediments that keep them from getting there. Some of these problems include gender prejudice, pressure to balance work and life, not having access to mentors and professional networks, and the way that preconceptions in society affect how people see leaders. This article looks at the many different problems women experience on their path to leadership and suggests ways to improve female representation, such as legislative changes, mentoring programs, diversity efforts in organizations, and changes in culture. Not only is it the right thing to do to make sure that men and women are treated equally in leadership, but it is also necessary for creativity, productivity, and long-term growth.

यह शोध-पत्र ममता कालिया की कहानियों में आधुनिक महानगर के संवेदनात्मक परिदृश्य का विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। ममता कालिया ने अपने कथा-साहित्य में महानगरीय जीवन की जटिलताओं, तनावों, सामाजिक विखंडन और मानसिक अकेलेपन को अत्यंत सजीवता के साथ चित्रित किया है। उनकी कहानियों में महानगर न केवल एक भौगोलिक स्थान है, बल्कि एक मानसिक और सामाजिक अनुभव भी है - जहाँ व्यक्ति आपाधापी, अस्तित्व-संकट और भावनात्मक शून्यता से जूझता है। विशेष रूप से, स्त्री पात्रों के माध्यम से लेखिका ने शहरी जीवन में स्त्री की असुरक्षा, आत्मसंघर्ष और पहचान की जद्दोजहद को उकेरा है। ‘ब्लैक होल’, ‘पलाश भवन’, और ‘1980 की सर्दी’ जैसी कहानियों के माध्यम से यह शोध दर्शाता है कि कैसे महानगर एक ओर व्यक्ति को आधुनिकता और स्वतंत्रता देता है, वहीं दूसरी ओर उसे संबंधहीनता, संवादहीनता और मानसिक अवसाद की ओर भी धकेलता है। इस शोध में ममता कालिया की भाषा, शिल्प और प्रतीकों का विश्लेषण करते हुए यह सिद्ध किया गया है कि उनका लेखन महानगरीय यथार्थ का केवल चित्रण नहीं, बल्कि उसकी गहराई तक पहुँचने का प्रयास है। यह अध्ययन समकालीन हिंदी साहित्य में शहरी संवेदना के महत्वपूर्ण दस्तावेज के रूप में ममता कालिया की कहानियों की प्रासंगिकता को रेखांकित करता है।

In an increasingly competitive marketplace, the food industry leverages innovative marketing strategies to attract and retain consumers. This paper explores the pivotal role of social influence, digital marketing, emotional branding, and experiential marketing in the evolution of food business strategies. It emphasizes the concept of "The Social Ingredient"—the social and cultural components that shape consumer preferences, brand loyalty, and purchasing behavior. Drawing from case studies, market analysis, and theoretical models, this research outlines how food businesses create value through authenticity, community engagement, and sensory experiences.

Risk perception plays a crucial role in shaping investment decisions, particularly among middle-class investors who typically operate under income constraints and prioritize financial security. Mutual funds, offering diversification and professional management, have gained prominence as an investment option among this segment. However, individual perceptions of risk significantly influence mutual fund adoption, scheme selection, and investment duration. This study empirically assesses the relationship between risk perception and mutual fund preferences among middle-class investors. The research examines how demographic factors such as age, income, education, and occupation influence risk attitudes and investment behavior. It also analyzes investors’ preferences for various categories of mutual funds, including equity, debt, hybrid, and tax-saving schemes. The study highlights the growing popularity of systematic investment plans (SIPs) as a risk-mitigating strategy and explores the role of financial literacy and advisory services in shaping informed investment decisions. Despite increased awareness, many middle-class investors continue to exhibit moderate to high risk aversion, favoring safer or balanced investment options. Market volatility, fear of capital loss, and limited financial knowledge remain key challenges influencing cautious behavior. The findings emphasize the importance of investor education, transparent communication, and customized financial products to bridge the gap between perceived and actual risk. The study contributes to understanding investor behavior and provides insights for policymakers, financial institutions, and mutual fund companies to promote sustainable participation among middle-class investors.

In the rapidly evolving global hospitality sector, entrepreneurship is a key driver of innovation, growth, and sustainability. The partnership between academia and the hotel industry offers a dynamic platform for cultivating entrepreneurial skills, essential for meeting the demands of a competitive market. This paper explores the importance of academic-industry collaborations and exchange programs as crucial avenues for developing entrepreneurial capabilities within the hotel sector. Through such collaborations, academic institutions can provide students with theoretical knowledge, while the hotel industry offers practical experience, mentorship, and real-world challenges. These partnerships facilitate the creation of specialized entrepreneurship curricula, internships, and industry immersion programs that bridge the gap between academic learning and industry requirements. Exchange programs, both local and international, offer students opportunities to engage in cross-cultural entrepreneurship, learn best practices, and adapt innovative business models. Exchange programs, both local and international, can enhance entrepreneurial competencies by providing students with cross-cultural experiences, exposure to diverse business models, and innovative ideas from different hospitality markets. The paper highlights successful examples of such collaborations, where students have launched startups, developed sustainable business practices, or contributed to new hotel concepts. Furthermore, it explores the role of universities in fostering entrepreneurial mindsets, supporting innovation hubs, and providing incubators that assist students in launching hospitality-related ventures. By empowering students with the skills, knowledge, and global perspectives needed for entrepreneurial success, these collaborations and exchange programs will contribute to the continued growth and sustainability of the hotel industry and the broader tourism sector. Students and young entrepreneurs can apply their knowledge to create new business ventures, implement sustainable practices, or contribute to innovations in hotel management, design, and operations.

Space law was developed at a time when space activities were limited to a few powerful nations and were mainly scientific or military in nature. However, the present era, known as the New Space Age, is marked by rapid commercialization, private space companies, satellite mega-constellations, space tourism, and growing military use of outer space. This paper examines the major international space law treaties and principles and highlights the serious gaps and challenges they face today. It argues that existing laws are outdated, weak in enforcement, and unclear about private actors’ responsibilities. The paper also discusses the urgent need for legal reforms to ensure peaceful, sustainable, and fair use of outer space in the future.

DNA replication is a fundamental biological process essential for cell survival and genome stability in all eukaryotic organisms. In protozoan parasites such as Leishmania, DNA replication exhibits several unique regulatory features that distinguish it from higher eukaryotes. Among the core replication factors, CDC45 plays a crucial role in replication initiation and elongation, while Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) functions as a processivity clamp for DNA polymerases. Although CDC45 and PCNA are well characterized in higher eukaryotic systems, their functional interaction in Leishmania remains poorly understood. The present study investigates the CDC45–PCNA interaction network in Leishmania and compares its replication mechanisms with those of other eukaryotic organisms. Through sequence analysis, interaction mapping, and functional interpretation, this study highlights the distinctive and conserved aspects of CDC45–PCNA coordination in Leishmania. The findings provide new insights into protozoan DNA replication and suggest that CDC45–PCNA interactions may represent a potential target for selective therapeutic intervention.

Nonlinear dynamical systems arise naturally in physics, biology, engineering, economics, and social sciences. Their behavior is often complex, involving bifurcations, chaos, limit cycles, and multi-stability. Traditional analytical techniques such as linearization and perturbation methods provide limited insight into global structural properties. Graph theory offers a powerful mathematical framework for representing structural interconnections and understanding qualitative system behavior. This paper explores the application of graph theory in modeling and analyzing nonlinear dynamical systems. Concepts such as directed graphs, weighted graphs, connectivity, strongly connected components, Laplacian matrices, and spectral properties are discussed in relation to stability, synchronization, controllability, and network dynamics. Applications in biological networks, power systems, and coupled oscillators are examined. The study highlights how graph-theoretic tools enhance structural interpretation, computational efficiency, and stability analysis in nonlinear systems.

Urban lakes are small but ecologically important ecosystems. Even when surrounded by human activities, they can support rich biodiversity, including plankton, fish, and waterbirds. This study examines the ecological connection between plankton communities and waterbird feeding guilds in Blue Bird Lake, Hisar (Haryana). The aim was to understand how small microscopic organisms (plankton) influence the distribution and seasonal patterns of birds at higher trophic levels. Seasonal sampling of water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and bird diversity was conducted over one annual cycle. The results show that seasonal changes in nutrients and dissolved oxygen influence plankton abundance, which in turn affects fish availability and bird guild structure. Winter months showed the highest bird diversity, closely associated with increased zooplankton density and stable water conditions. The study concludes that plankton can act as early biological indicators of habitat quality and bird-supporting capacity in urban lakes. An integrated plankton–bird monitoring framework is suggested for sustainable lake management.

Fiscal federalism in India creates vertical and horizontal imbalances due to the unequal distribution of revenue powers and expenditure responsibilities between the Union and the States, as well as disparities among States in fiscal capacity and development. The Finance Commission of India, constituted under Article 280, plays a crucial role in correcting these imbalances through tax devolution and grants-in-aid. By applying criteria such as population, income distance, area, forest cover, and demographic performance, it promotes fiscal equalization, cooperative federalism, and balanced regional development. Although its recommendations have strengthened States’ financial position, ongoing reforms are necessary to enhance fiscal autonomy and reduce persistent regional disparities.

This paper examines the representation of Parsi ethnicity in English novels and explores how memory, migration, minority consciousness, and cultural preservation shape Parsi social identity. As a small but influential Zoroastrian community in the Indian subcontinent, Parsis occupy a unique position within postcolonial discourse—simultaneously insiders and outsiders, modern yet tradition-bound, diasporic yet deeply rooted. Through a close reading of select works by writers such as Rohinton Mistry, Bapsi Sidhwa, and Farrukh Dhondy, this study investigates how fiction constructs ethnic memory and negotiates belonging within the frameworks of nationalism, diaspora, and modernity. The paper argues that English novels by and about Parsis function as cultural archives that preserve communal identity while simultaneously critiquing internal orthodoxy and external marginalization.

Recycling of guar gum industrial waste through vermitechnology was studied under laboratory conditions. Three different combination of guargum industrial waste were, used : guar gum industrial waste : cow dung : saw dust in 40 30 : 30 ratio (T1), guar gum industrial waste : cow dung : saw dust in 60 : 20 : 20 ratio (T2) and guar gum industrial waste : cow dung : saw dust in 75 : 15 : 10 ratio (T3) for vermicomposting experiments. Vermicomposting was monitored over 150 days included some chemical changes of the guar gum industrial waste. Comparatively T2 showed great increase (from its initial level) for total N (25.4 %), phosphorus (72.8 %) and potassium (20.9 %) than the other treatments. Nevertheless, in T1 treatment organic C and Cto-N ratio decreased (from its initial level) maximally of 10 % and 28.3 %, respectively after 150 days of vermicomposting. As compare to control the increase/decrease in vermicompost was also analyzed for different chemical Parameters by using vermicomposting coefficient (VC) and greater values of it was recorded in T2 treatment. The growth pattern of P.excavatus in terms of biomass gain and cocoon production was also recorded. P.excavatus shows greater mean individual biomass 146.68 mg in T2 treatment with 0.268 mg/day mean individual growth rate. Similarly T2 treatment also showed about 21.9% and 645.5% more cocoon numbers than the T1 and T3 treatments, respectively. The T3 treatment showed maximum earthworm mortality while no mortality was recorded in T2 treatment during 150 days of composting. Overall, the 72 treatment was best to enhance the maximum biopotential of earthworm for guar gum industrial waste management as well as earthworm biomass production.

Deepfake images have become a serious problem. With tools like GANs and diffusion models now widely available, creating fake but convincing face images is no longer limited to experts. Most detection systems today look at low-level pixel patterns — blurring, noise, color mismatch. But the core problem is: train on one dataset, test on another, and accuracy collapses. The model memorized noise patterns, not manipulation itself. This paper proposes Semantic Feature Fusion (SFF) — a framework that goes beyond pixels and looks at meaning-level cues: facial geometry, identity coherence, scene lighting consistency, and expression analysis. Tested on FaceForensics++, Celeb-DF, DFDC, and WildDeepfake without cross-dataset fine-tuning, our model outperforms pixel-based baselines significantly on unseen datasets.

महात्मा गांधी के अनुसार राष्ट्र निर्माण केवल राजनीतिक स्वतंत्रता तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि इसे सामाजिक, नैतिक और आर्थिक समृद्धि के साथ जोड़कर देखा जाना चाहिए। गांधी का मानना था कि अहिंसात्मक राजनीति राष्ट्र के स्थायी विकास और शांति की नींव है, क्योंकि यह केवल हिंसा का परित्याग नहीं बल्कि विचार, शब्द और कर्म में हिंसा से दूर रहने का मार्ग है। सत्याग्रह और अहिंसा के सिद्धांत समाज में नैतिक जागरूकता, सामाजिक एकता और सहयोग को बढ़ावा देते हैं। राष्ट्र निर्माण में यह दृष्टिकोण समाज में समानता और सामूहिकता को स्थापित करता है, नेतृत्व को न्यायपूर्ण और पारदर्शी बनाता है, आंतरिक और बाहरी संघर्षों में स्थायी शांति सुनिश्चित करता है और सामाजिक-आर्थिक विकास को न्यायसंगत बनाता है। आज भी लोकतंत्र, मानवाधिकार और अंतरराष्ट्रीय शांति के संदर्भ में गांधी के अहिंसात्मक सिद्धांत प्रासंगिक हैं, जो स्पष्ट करते हैं कि राष्ट्र निर्माण का सर्वाेत्तम मार्ग सत्य, न्याय और अहिंसा के पालन से ही संभव है।

The Indian Digital payment systems have emerged as a major agent of financial innovation and greatly affected financial inclusion and development of small firms. In this paper, the researcher sought to investigate the effects of adoption of digital payments on access to financial services and performance of small businesses. The research design adopted was descriptive in nature and primary data were gathered through the use of an organized questionnaire which comprised 70 respondents on a basis of 5-point Likert scale. The results indicated that most of the respondents were conversant with the digital payment systems and that they regarded them as helpful towards improving financial inclusion and growing the business. Digital payment helped to make transactions quicker, manage finances better, and was more convenient to customers. Nevertheless, the inability to be digitally literate, network problems and security were found to be significant barriers to successful adoption. The research reached the conclusion that the digital payment system has positively impacted the inclusive economic growth; however, specific measures are necessary because of the current issues and the need to make sure that all segments are adequately covered.

Women’s participation in executive political leadership, particularly in cabinet-level and municipal decision-making roles, has a significant influence on welfare governance. This study examines how women’s political representation impacts the prioritization of healthcare and education policies, with a focused reference to the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR). The findings suggest that women leaders tend to emphasize social welfare sectors such as maternal health, public healthcare access, child education, and community-based services. However, the effectiveness of these priorities is influenced by administrative capacity, financial constraints, and socio-cultural factors. The study concludes that while women’s representation improves welfare focus, structural reforms are necessary to ensure effective implementation.

Family Planning plays a crucial role in safeguarding the health of women in developing countries where they are often forced to carry an unplanned & unwanted pregnancy. Family planning, despite its many limitations, has universally been accepted as the most direct intervention to reduce fertility & hence population growth. Contraceptives provide women with a safe and effective means to avoid unwanted pregnancies or pregnancies that may place their health at risk. These pregnancies can have serious consequences, including illness, disability, and death. The objective of the research is to assess the knowledge regarding selected methods of contraception among eligible women. An evaluative research approach was used in this study. 60 eligible women in selected rural areas of the city were selected for the study. Self-structured knowledge questionnaires were used to collect the data. Findings show that, in the post-test, the majority of eligible women, 43(71.67%), had a very good level of knowledge score, 4(6.66%) had a good level of knowledge, and 13(21.67%) had an excellent level of knowledge. Analysis reveals that there is an association of knowledge score with the type of family and educational status among eligible women regarding selected methods of contraception.

The National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) is the education policy of India, announced by the Government of India on 29 July 2020. It is a policy document that outlines the government’s vision for the future of education in the country. This policy determines the direction and condition of the education sector. The central government has set a target to fully implement this policy by 2030. In independent India, the first education policy was formulated in 1968 based on the recommendations of the Kothari Commission. Later, in 1985, a document titled “Challenge of Education” was prepared, which included suggestions and comments from various sections of Indian society (intellectual, social, political, administrative, etc.). Based on this, the second National Education Policy was introduced in 1986 (modified in 1992) and implemented across the country during the tenure of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. In the present time, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Government of India approved the National Education Policy 2020, replacing the 34-year-old policy of 1986. This is the third education policy of India, following those of 1968 and 1986, and the first policy of the 21st century. Under NEP 2020, the central and state governments aim to increase public investment in education to 6% of GDP.

कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता (Artificial Intelligence) ने साहित्य, शिक्षा और ज्ञान-सृजन के क्षेत्र में व्यापक परिवर्तन उत्पन्न किया है। हिंदी साहित्य भी इस परिवर्तन से अछूता नहीं है। वर्तमान शोध-पत्र में हिंदी साहित्य के सृजन, आलोचना, नैतिक चुनौतियों तथा भविष्य की संभावनाओं का विश्लेषण किया गया है। कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता आधारित उपकरण लेखन, अनुवाद, संपादन, सामग्री निर्माण तथा साहित्यिक विश्लेषण में सहायक सिद्ध हो रहे हैं, किंतु इनके प्रयोग से मौलिकता, लेखकीय स्वामित्व, संवेदनात्मक अभिव्यक्ति तथा सांस्कृतिक प्रामाणिकता से संबंधित प्रश्न भी उत्पन्न हो रहे हैं।

भारत का औद्योगिक एवं आर्थिक विकास कृषि की नींव पर टिका हैं। भारत में कृषि संरचना में पिछले कुछ दशकों के दौरान बडे परिवर्तन आए हैं। देश में जोत छोटी हो रही है और धीरे-धीरे अधिकांश जमीन औसत दर्जे और छोटे किसानो मे बँट रही हैं।

मानव विकास किसी भी राष्ट्र की प्रगति का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण सूचक माना जाता है। इसका संबंध केवल आर्थिक वृद्धि से नहीं बल्कि व्यक्ति के स्वास्थ्य, पोषण, शिक्षा, जीवन स्तर, सामाजिक सुरक्षा तथा अवसरों की उपलब्धता से भी होता है। जब किसी देश के नागरिकों को पर्याप्त भोजन, स्वास्थ्य सेवाएँ, शिक्षा और सम्मानजनक जीवन प्राप्त होता है, तभी वास्तविक मानव विकास संभव हो पाता है। इन सभी घटकों में खाद्य सुरक्षा की भूमिका अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि भोजन मनुष्य की मूलभूत आवश्यकता है। यदि व्यक्ति को पर्याप्त एवं पौष्टिक भोजन उपलब्ध नहीं होगा तो उसका शारीरिक, मानसिक और बौद्धिक विकास बाधित होगा।

बालक का व्यक्तित्व विकास एक सतत, बहुआयामी एवं मनोवैज्ञानिक प्रक्रिया है, जो जन्म से लेकर जीवन पर्यन्त चलती रहती है। इस प्रक्रिया में परिवार, अभिभावक, विद्यालय, मित्र समूह तथा समाज की महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। बालक का व्यवहार, उसकी सोच, मूल्य, आदतें, सामाजिक समायोजन तथा नैतिक विकास मुख्यतः उसके परिवेश से प्रभावित होते हैं। विशेष रूप से अभिभावक बालक के प्रथम शिक्षक होते हैं, जो उसे भाषा, संस्कार, अनुशासन, नैतिकता एवं सामाजिक व्यवहार की शिक्षा प्रदान करते हैं। दूसरी ओर समाज बालक को व्यापक सामाजिक अनुभव प्रदान करता है, जिससे उसमें नेतृत्व, सहानुभूति, सहयोग, सहिष्णुता तथा उत्तरदायित्व की भावना विकसित होती है।